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To test whether there is any significant difference among the means of the three groups. Also perform pairwise comparisons to test which two pairs of means are significantly differ.

To study the effects of different types of vigorous exercise on physical fitness, researchers randomized 33 healthy, non-athletic, 20- to 25-year-old made volunteers into three exercise programs: swimming, running, and bicycling. After six months, a variety of measures were taken of the men’s fitness levels. One such measure was forced expiratory volume (FEV₁), with higher values indicating better pulmonary fitness. The results were as follows:

FEV1(liters)
Programs	Sample size	Sample mean	Sample standard deviation
Swimming	11	4.4	0.4
Running	11	4.2	0.4
Bicycling	11	3.7	0.5

The one-way ANOVA table for these data is as follows, indicating at least one significant difference in mean FEV1 among the three groups.

Source	DF	Sum of Squares	Mean Square	F Value	Pr > F
Model	2	2.86	1.43	7.53	0.0022
Error	30	5.7	0.19
Corrected Total	32	8.56

Perform all pairwise comparisons among the three programs, using a Tukey adjustment and an overall significance level of 0.05, then interpret all your results.

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