Cell Biology:

General introduction of cells:

• Origin of life
• History of cell
• Components and terminology of cell
• Microscopic view of the cell
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Plant and animal cell
• Cell theory
• Modern cell biology
• Macromolecules of the cell: Proteins, Nucleic acids, Polysaccharides, lipids

Cell organelles:

• Endoplasmic reticulum and its role
• The controlling center of the cell- the nucleus
• The organelle that protect the cell- cell wall
• Cytoplasm
• Vacuoles and vesicles
• The prime organelle for protein synthesis- ribosomes
• The organelle for packing and processing- Golgi bodies and
• dictyosomes
• The suicidal bag- Lysosomes
• The role of mitochondria
• Plastids
• The movement of the cell and their properties
• Overview of the eukaryotic cell, viruses, viriods and prions

Electron transport study:

• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Chemiosmotic theory
• The flow of energy to the cell
• Bioenergetics
• Laws of thermodynamics

Enzymes

• General study of enzymes
• Activation energy and metastable state
• Enzyme as biological catalyst
• Regulation of enzymes
• Ribozymes

Cell transport:

• Cell transport
• Permeability, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Structure of plasma membrane and functions
• The components of membrane

Genetics:

Introduction to cells:

• Introduction to cells
• Hereditary and its historical perceptive
• The experiment with peas
• Mendel's law of segregation, independent assortment
• Crosses- the monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross.
• Mutation and test cross
• Trihybrid cross
• The linkage of genes
• Crossing over of genes
• Cell division- Asexual reproduction through binary fission
• Sexual reproduction - mitosis and meiosis
• Life cycles and phases of the cell division
• Gene interaction
• Expression of genes and environmental action on it
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Gene and chromosomes
• Modern view and structure of the gene
• Genetic maps and physical maps
• Pedigree analysis and punnett square
• Molecular structure of gene
• Protein formation
• Genetic engineering
• Human chromosomal abnormalities
• Human allelic disorders and diagnosis of human disorders
• One gene one protein concept
• Mutations
• Control for the expression of operon model of E.Coli
• Replication of eukaryotic chromosome
• Antibody coding gene

Ecology:

Biodiversity and classification

• Nomenclature of organisms
• Classification of living beings
• Kingdom plantae and animalia
• Kingdom fungi

Ecological size

• Introduction to nonnative species
• Human activity
• Influence of change of climate

Population ecology:

• Population growth
• Alteration of the population
• Diversity of living organism and their range
• The overall mechanism of ecosystem
• Tropical level food chains
• The energy flow of the ecosystem
• The food pyramid

Biogeochemical cycles:

• Nitrogen cycle
• The cycle of water
• Carbon and oxygen cycle
• Individual organism to the environment

Evolution:

Origin of species:

• Introduction to origin of species
• Natural selection and adaptive evolution
• Darwin's theory of natural selection
• Microevolution as the genetic pool
• Genetic variation
• Genetic drift and effect s
• Disorders of human populations
• Gene flow and mutation
• Lethal in a homozygous individual population as the units of
• evolution

Population genetics:

• Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Health and population genetics

Analyzing fossil records:

• Comparative embryology
• Cladogram that shows evolution relationship
• Divergence of evolutionary organism from one another

Physiology

Animal organ systems and homeostasis:

• Homeostasis
• Control system and feedback mechanism in homeostasis

The nervous system

• The basic unit of nervous system- the neuron
• Peripheral nervous system
• Somatic nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system
• Central nervous system
• Feedback mechanism of nervous system
• Role of neuron
• Interneurons and motor neurons in sensation

Digestive system and excretory system:

• The parts of the digestive system
• Secretion of the digestive system and their function
• Kidney - the major excretory organ
• Excretion of wastes and regulation of nitrogenous waste
• Liver in blood detoxification of glucose balance

Muscle system:

• Muscle contraction and relaxation
• ATP molecule and Ca2+ in muscle activity
• Cellular and molecular muscular contraction
• Hormonal regulation of the internal system
• Feedback mechanism of homeostasis of digestive system
• Osmoregulation of the cells
• Defenses against immune system of the human
• Antibody mediated immunity
• Active and passive immunity
• Role of phagocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes
• Defense mechanism against AIDS
• Vaccines and vaccination

Bacteria:

• Growth of bacterial and replication of the host
• Defense mechanism of the body against bacteria
• Treatment

Virus

• Study of growth and mechanism of replication of virus
• Defense mechanism against virus
• Treatment for viral infections