Translation

What is the general meaning of translation?

Translation means converting one language into another language.

What is meant by translation in biology?

Translation is the process of synthesis of proteins with the help of RNAs.

What are the components needed for translation?

They are mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids, etc.

Structure of mRNA & tRNA which helps to synthesize proteins:

mRNA:

mRNA is short form of messenger RNA. It has a shape of linear strand which contain nucleotides.

tRNA:

tRNA is short form of transfer RNA. It consists of four arms

• amino acid acceptor arm,
• D arm,
• T Ψ C arm
• anticodon arm.

Detailed process of translation:

• All types of RNAs produced from DNA exerted out of nucleus and laid in cytoplasm to do translation.
• mRNA which is linear stranded laid down in the cytoplasm and it contains codons for attachment of anticodons present in tRNA.
• mRNA - the carrier of codon, because it contains codons which is developed as a complementary nucleotides as the result of transcription.
• The codons always existed in triplet form such as UCG, CAA, AGA, UAC, because the no. of nucleotides present in anticodon of tRNA is three.
• Once the codon and anticodon being matched up, amino acid accepted tRNA binds with mRNA.
• These attachments of mRNA & tRNA made inside the ribosomal sub units. The site at which mRNA binds with amino acid accepted tRNA is considered as P site.
• The immediate next site which is free of tRNA and it is the future site for the attachment of tRNA is considered as the A site.
• Likewise, tRNAs are attached one by one and detached one by one after the amino acids being bonded with each other. The bond formed between the amino acids is called as peptide bond.
• In the same manner, amino acids linked together continuously to form long polypeptide chain.
• The process continues until the stop codon reaches P site of ribosome. Such stop codons are UAA, UGA,UAG.

Significance of translation:

• This is the process of life, because there is no life without proteins.

Proteins are characters and characters create and shape the organism, so translation is the process which is responsible for all biological aspects.