Anatomy

The study of internal structures of a living organism is termed as anatomy. The anatomy of higher vertebrates comprises of following systems:

Skeletal system

There are two types of skeleton found in animal kingdom: Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton. In vertebrates, endoskeleton is made up of bones and cartilages, which gives support to the body and helps in movement of the organism.

Digestive system

The alimentary canal and digestive glands make the Digestive system. Alimentary canal comprises of mouth, oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.

Cardiovascular system

The cardio vascular system is made up of a heart and blood vessels. Blood, a liquid tissue, runs through the closed path blood vascular system and act as a transport system for the body.

Respiratory system

The respiratory system comprises of nostrils, nasal chamber, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, two bronchi and a pair of lungs. The process of breathing takes place in two phases-inspiration and expiration.

Excretory system

Excretory system comprises of two bean shaped kidneys, which are connected with urinary bladder in lower abdomen, by the tubes called ureters. The bladder opens outside the body through a duct called urethra.

Nervous system

Nervous system is responsible for reception of external and internal stimuli and preparing the organs to act accordingly. The nervous system is composed of

• Central nervous system
• Communicating nerves
• Five sense organs.

Endocrine system

Endocrine system consists of ten endocrine glands that produce various types of hormones. These hormones control different physiological processes undergoing in the body. These glands are situated in different parts of the body. They are namely- Pituitary (master) Gland, Pineal gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Glands, Islets of Langerhans, Testes and Ovaries.

Reproductive system

Reproductive system is associated with urinary system forming the urogenital system. It consists of different sex organs in male and female.